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Vaccine hesitancy is a major threat to public health. The modern anti vaccine movement was amplified...

The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System VAERS was established in 1990 as a national early warning...

Operation Warp Speed was the US government program to accelerate COVID 19 vaccine development. Annou...

Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, was founded in 2000 to increase access to vaccines in the worlds poorest...

COVAX was established in April 2020 as the global initiative for equitable COVID 19 vaccine access. ...

Two diseases have been eradicated through vaccination. Smallpox was declared eradicated in 1980 afte...

Vaccine mandates date to the first compulsory vaccination law in England in 1853. Jacobson v Massach...

The Nuremberg Code, established after the Nuremberg trials of Nazi doctors in 1947, set principles f...

In 1960, scientists discovered that polio vaccines distributed between 1955 and 1963 were contaminat...

The Cutter Incident occurred in April 1955 when Cutter Laboratories failed to properly inactivate po...

In February 1976, an influenza outbreak at Fort Dix, New Jersey killed one soldier and sickened appr...

During World War II, yellow fever vaccination of US troops caused an unexpected disaster. The yellow...

In 1930, about 250 infants in Lubeck, Germany received BCG vaccine contaminated with virulent tuberc...

The Global Polio Eradication Initiative has reduced polio cases by over 99.9 percent since 1988. Wil...

Measles resurged globally in 2023 to 2024. WHO reported a sharp rise in measles cases globally in 20...

Scottish research has reported very low rates of cervical cancer among women vaccinated against HPV ...

Vaccine nationalism emerged during the COVID 19 pandemic when countries prioritized domestic vaccine...

Robert F Kennedy Jr, a prominent vaccine skeptic, was nominated as Secretary of Health and Human Ser...

Thimerosal, a mercury based preservative, was used in vaccines since the 1930s. In 1999, the FDA det...

The National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program VICP was established in 1988 to provide compensatio...

The WHO Pandemic Agreement was negotiated from 2021 in response to the COVID 19 pandemic. The treaty...

Andrew Wakefields 1998 paper in The Lancet claimed a possible link between MMR vaccine and autism in...

Andrew Wakefield directed Vaxxed From Cover Up to Catastrophe, a film claiming the CDC covered up da...

In 2017, a 6 year old unvaccinated boy in Oregon contracted tetanus from a cut on his forehead. He s...

A measles outbreak linked to Disneyland in December 2014 sickened more than 100 people in the US, wi...

A devastating measles outbreak in Samoa in 2019 killed 83 people, mostly children under 5, out of ap...

A Haemophilus influenzae type b Hib cluster in Minnesota in 2008 sickened 5 children, several of who...

In 2003, political and religious leaders in northern Nigeria called for a boycott of polio vaccinati...

The CIA ran a fake hepatitis B vaccination program in Abbottabad, Pakistan in 2011 to collect DNA sa...

Arizona had among the highest vaccine exemption rates in the US, with a growing share of kindergarte...

The Office of Special Masters of the US Court of Federal Claims, nicknamed the Vaccine Court, handle...

The landscape of vaccine development is changing. mRNA technology enables rapid development of vacci...

The COVID 19 Technology Access Pool C TAP was launched by WHO in May 2020 to share vaccine technolog...

The FDA regulates vaccine licensure in the United States. Vaccines are licensed under Section 351 of...

The WHO Prequalification program ensures that vaccines purchased by UN agencies meet international s...

Effective vaccine safety communication is critical for maintaining public confidence. The WHO identi...

Vaccination during pregnancy protects both mother and infant. Maternal vaccination stimulates antibo...

Serotype replacement is a phenomenon where vaccinating against some strains of a bacteria allows oth...

Healthcare provider vaccine hesitancy emerged as a concern during the COVID 19 vaccination campaign....

Ohio launched Vax a Million in May 2021, offering 1 million lottery prizes to vaccinated adults and ...

COVID 19 vaccination cards became symbols of vaccination status during the pandemic. The cards were ...

The Vaccine Confidence Project at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, founded by Hei...

Vaccine equity addresses the gap in vaccine access between high income and low and middle income cou...

High income countries donated surplus COVID vaccines through COVAX. Hundreds of millions of doses we...

Myocarditis and pericarditis were identified as rare side effects of mRNA COVID vaccines in 2021. Th...

WHO estimates from around 2000 suggested that unsafe injection practices, including syringe reuse, c...

After thimerosal was removed from childhood vaccines by 2001, it remained in multi dose vials of inf...

India has operated an Adverse Event Following Immunization AEFI surveillance system for decades. The...

Measles causes immune amnesia, erasing existing immune memory. A 2019 Science study by Michael Mina ...

Original antigenic sin, a term coined by Thomas Francis Jr in 1960, describes the immune systems ten...

Aluminum salts have been used as vaccine adjuvants since the 1920s. Alexander Glenny at the Wellcome...

Egg based vaccine manufacturing has been the backbone of influenza vaccine production since the 1940...

Thermostable vaccines that do not require cold chain could revolutionize vaccination in developing c...

Microneedle patches are being developed for needle free vaccine delivery. The patches contain hundre...

Self amplifying RNA saRNA vaccines are a next generation mRNA technology. Unlike conventional mRNA v...

Plant based vaccine production uses plants as bioreactors to produce vaccine antigens. Medicago, a C...

Virus like particles VLPs are protein structures that mimic viruses but contain no genetic material....

Reverse vaccinology uses genomic information to identify vaccine targets without culturing the organ...

The determination of the prefusion stabilized coronavirus spike protein structure by Jason McLellan,...

The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations CEPI was founded in 2017 in Davos, Switzerland, ...

The Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority BARDA was established in 2006 within the ...

The Decade of Vaccines was launched at the World Economic Forum in 2010 by the Bill and Melinda Gate...

The CDC expanded its work on vaccine confidence in the 2010s to address growing vaccine hesitancy. T...

The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine published a Framework for Equitable Al...

The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ACIP was established in 1964. The committee of voti...

The Vaccine Injury Table lists conditions presumed to be caused by specific vaccines for compensatio...

The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986 provided vaccine manufacturers with liability prot...

Hospital outbreaks of vaccine preventable diseases have occurred when infected individuals are admit...

The COVID pandemic disrupted routine immunization programs worldwide. In 2021, 25 million children m...

The US maintains vaccine stockpiles for emergencies. The Strategic National Stockpile SNS holds smal...

Mucosal vaccines delivered through the nose or mouth may provide better protection against respirato...

Universal coronavirus vaccine research aims to develop vaccines that protect against all coronavirus...

Egg allergy was historically a concern for vaccination because several vaccines including influenza,...

Guillain Barre Syndrome GBS is a rare neurological condition that has been associated with some vacc...

Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that can occur after any vaccine. The rate is approximatel...

Bell palsy, temporary facial paralysis, was observed during COVID vaccine trials. The FDA called for...

Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome TTS was identified as a rare complication of adenoviral ve...

Most studies comparing myocarditis risk from COVID vaccination versus COVID infection found that the...

Vaccine dosing intervals affect immunogenicity and protection. Longer intervals between vaccine dose...

Studies have found that administering multiple vaccines at the same visit is safe and effective. Com...

Maternal antibodies transferred through the placenta provide newborns with protection during their f...

Health authorities consider breastfeeding compatible with most vaccines. Breast milk contains antibo...

National guidance generally schedules vaccines for premature infants by chronological age rather tha...

The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 included provisions affecting vaccine access. The act required M...

Relatively few countries have no fault vaccine injury compensation programs. Germany established one...

France has historically had some of the lowest vaccine confidence in the world. A 2016 multi country...

Austria became the first European country to pass a general COVID vaccine mandate in January 2022. T...

H5N1 avian influenza was detected in dairy cattle in the United States in March 2024. The virus had ...

Studies suggested that COVID vaccination reduced the risk of long COVID, with estimates ranging from...

The Matrix M adjuvant used in the Novavax COVID vaccine is derived from the bark of the Quillaja sap...

The origin of SARS-CoV-2 remains debated. Two main hypotheses are natural zoonotic spillover from a ...

The timing of vaccination campaigns affects their effectiveness. Northern Hemisphere influenza vacci...

Digital vaccine records improve vaccination tracking and reduce missed opportunities. Immunization I...

One Health vaccination targets both humans and animals. Rabies vaccination of dogs prevents human ra...

Vaccines have been critical to military effectiveness throughout history. George Washington ordered ...